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The resulting fragmentation led to continuous internal conflict and external pressures throughout the next few centuries. With no tradition of primogeniture, Poland was divided among Boleslaw's several sons. However, the death of Boleslaw III in 1138 brought complications to the century-old kingdom. Poland soon stretched from the Baltic to the Carpathians, loosely establishing its historical borders by 1100. This led to Boleslaw’s coronation in 1025, making him the first "King of Poland." Mieszko's son Boleslaw established a purely Polish-Catholic ecclesiastical organization, and his secular authority was recognized by the Germanic Holy Roman Emperor.
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Despite some debate, even most skeptical scholars now accept this date as the beginning of Poland.Ī series of strong (or strong-arm) successors to Mieszko slowly converted the pagan Poles, established a firm dynastic grip, and dragged reluctant Poland into the broader European culture. Mieszko converted to Christianity after Roman Catholic missionaries from Bohemia preached the spiritual and practical benefits, and was baptized in 966. When marauding Magyars threatened the Wislanie tribe of Krakow, with whom Mieszko had close ties, he united both tribes-and in doing so, founded the Piast Dynasty. Despite this, Poland managed to hold its own, and was once itself the biggest bully on the block.Īccording to semi-legendary accounts, Mieszko ruled the Polanie tribe from the fortified settlement of Gniezno. Poland also had the inconvenience to lie between Germany and Russia, who (for more than a millennium) cast covetous eyes on its rich lands and resources. Unfortunately for Poland, that plain served as the gateway for invasion-from Europe at the western borders and from Asia to the east. She enjoys horseriding, hunting, and sailing on the family yacht.The most salient feature of Poland's topography is the extensive plain that stretches from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Carpathian Mountains to the south. Many streets, many schools, a training ship of the Kaiserliche Marine and even a zeppelin are named after her. The Princess remains very popular, both for her subjects in Braunschweig and in the Germany as a whole. Her visits to the frontline helped bring awareness to the horrific conditions faced in the trenches. She frequently made visits with enemy dignitaries in neutral Switzerland to find ways of ending the conflict. Viktoria Luise thus became the reigning Duchess.ĭuring the Weltkrieg, she became a strong voice for the anti-war movement. On November 1, 1913, the Duke of Cumberland renounced to his rights to the throne of Hanover and granted his claims to the Duchy of Braunschweig to his youngest son Ernst August, who became the reestablished Duke of Braunschweig. This put an end to the rift between the House of Hohenzollern and the House of Hanover that began after the annexation in 1866 of the kingdom of Hanover by Prussia. The wedding, on May 24, 1913, was one of the last great social events in Europe before the outbreak of the Weltkrieg, attended by King George V of the United Kingdom and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. There, the young Prince met and fell in love with Princess Viktoria Luise. When Prince George of Hanover and Cumberland (son of the Duke of Cumberland and grandson of Georg V, the last King of Hanover, who was deposed by the Prussians in 1866) died in a car accident in 1912, Wilhelm II sent a message of condolence to the Duke of Cumberland who, in response to this friendly gesture, sent his youngest son Ernst to Berlin to thank the German Kaiser. Nicknamed "Sissy" by her family, she was considered to be her father's favorite child while growing up. She was brought up by Elisabeth von Saldern, later abbess of the Monastery of the Heiligengrabe.
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The last child of Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife the Empress Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein, Viktoria Luise was named in honor of her grandmother Empress Viktoria and her great-grandmother Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Her marriage with Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick in 1913 settled the decades long conflict between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Welf and was certainly one of the most important events in the months before the Weltkrieg. She is the only daughter and youngest child of the Kaiser Wilhelm II.
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Viktoria Luise (born 13 September 1892) is the current Duchess of Braunschweig and Princess of Prussia.